Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

What is premenstrual syndrome?

Who is affected by PMS?

As many as 75 percent of females, during their reproductive years, experience some of the common symptoms associated with PMS. Further, approximately 30 to 40 percent of these females experience symptoms so severe that they disrupt daily activities. It is estimated that less than 10 percent of females have symptoms so extreme that they are considered disabled by the condition. Although PMS typically affects older women, adolescents can experience PMS.

What are the symptoms of PMS?

The following are the most common symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. However, each adolescent may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:

The symptoms of PMS may resemble other conditions or medical problems. Always consult your physician for a diagnosis.

What causes PMS?

Premenstrual syndrome seems to be related to fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone levels in the body, and does not necessary denote disabled ovarian functioning. The following have been suggested as possible causes of PMS:

• estrogen-progesterone imbalance

• hyperprolactinemia (excessive secretion of prolactin, the hormone that stimulates breast development)

• excessive aldosterone, or ADH (hormone that functions in the regulation of the metabolism of sodium, chloride, and potassium)

• carbohydrate metabolism changes

• retention of sodium and water by the kidneys

• hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)

• allergy to progesterone

• psychogenic factors

Preventing premenstrual syndrome symptoms:

For some females, making simple lifestyle changes helps to reduce the occurrence of PMS symptoms. These changes may include some, or all, of the following:

• regular exercise (three to five times each week)

• a well-balanced diet
  It is generally recommended that females with PMS increase their intake of whole grains, vegetables, and fruit, while decreasing their intake of salt, sugar, caffeine, and alcohol.

• adequate sleep and rest

How to diagnose premenstrual syndrome:

Aside from a complete medical history and physical and pelvic examination, diagnostic procedures forPMS are currently very limited. Your physician may consider recommending a psychiatric evaluation to, more or less, provide a differential diagnosis (to rule out other possible conditions). In addition, he/she may ask that you keep a journal or diary of your symptoms for several months, to better assess the timing, severity, onset, and duration of symptoms.

Treatment for PMS:

Specific treatment for PMS will be determined by your physician based on:

• your age, overall health. and medical history
• extent of the condition
• severity of symptoms
• your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies
• expectations for the course of the condition
• your opinion or preference

Counseling with your physician regarding symptoms can often increase understanding and lead to activities for stress management. Other possible treatments for managing premenstrual syndrome symptoms may include the following:

• diuretic use prior to the time symptoms are usually noted (to reduce fluid retention)

• prostaglandin inhibitors (i.e., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications, or NSAIDs, such as aspirin, ibuprofen) - to reduce pain

• oral contraceptives (ovulation inhibitors)

• progesterone (hormone treatment)

• tranquilizers

• dietary modifications

• vitamin supplements (i.e., vitamin B6, calcium, and magnesium)

• regular exercise

• antidepressants (or other medications)

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